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Conditions in Irish industrial revolution

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  • 13-03-2011 3:34pm
    #1
    Registered Users Posts: 3,577 ✭✭✭


    I know that the industrial revolution did not effect Ireland as much as England, Scotland and Wales but where it did, what were the conditions for workers. This would cover mines, factories, railways, etc.
    Were things like child labour, physical abuse of labourers, hours, hygeine or slave type labour issues in this time?
    Any relevent opinions or sources are graciously appreciated.


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  • Registered Users Posts: 4,798 ✭✭✭goose2005


    Certainly in the Belfast linen industry:

    For most factory and mill employees, the working week consisted of eleven and a half or twelve hours (including meal breaks) from Monday to Friday plus a half day of six hours on Saturday. In terms of holiday, workers could take two days for Christmas, two days at Easter and two more days in July. Holiday breaks were not paid. These terms of employment applied to most staff over the age of thirteen.
    Children were legally permitted to work at the mills from about the age of ten years on a part-time basis. They usually spent alternate days at the mill, typically working as doffers (replacing full yarn bobbins on the spinning frames with empty ones), and in the classroom. When they first started work, many suffered what became known as 'mill fever' before they adjusted to the high temperatures, damp or dusty environments, noise and exhaustion.
    The scutching room was one of the most unhealthy because the air was filled with dry flax plant dust called 'pouce' and workers could not avoid inhaling it. As it settled in the lungs, it caused shortness of breath and many bronchial complaints.
    The hackling and carding rooms were the most dangerous because the machines were not properly guarded. Facial and hand injuries, ranging from lacerations to mutilations, were the most common but fatal accidents were also a regular occurrence.
    One of the dirtiest places to work in the mill was the spinning room. Temperatures were hot and humid and workers tended to be barefoot. In a study into the health of mill workers in 1852, it was found that spinning room workers were suffering from 'onychia and other diseases of the great toe nail' as a result of their feet getting wet with water impregnated with brass and other metals. They were also found to suffer skin problems.
    In the weaving shed, noise and humidity were the main discomforts to be endured. The noise was caused by the carding machines, the looms and shuttles, while the dampness and heat was fed in to create the conditions needed for weaving yarn. But at least weavers had the satisfaction of earning higher wage rates than other mill workers.
    With such unhealthy work, the mortality rate in the spinning mills and weaving factories was high. In the late 19th century, the average working life was 16.8 years.


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