Fluoride endgame approaches....

alastair

The following isn't 'ignored' - it's self-explanatory:

The results suggest that fluoride may be a developmental neurotoxicant that affects brain development at exposures much below those that can cause toxicity in adults (Grandjean 1982).

Toxins work more easily on small people than big people. Shocking news!

For neurotoxicants, such as lead and methylmercury, adverse effects are associated with blood concentrations as low as 10 nmol/L.

There are other toxins that are far more destructive in smaller doses.

Serum-fluoride concentrations associated with high intakes from drinking-water may exceed 1 mg/L, or 50 Smol/L, thus more than 1000-times the levels of some other neurotoxicants that cause neurodevelopmental damage.

Fluoride is less toxic, requiring higher volumes for similar outcomes.

Supporting the plausibility of our findings, rats exposed to 1 ppm (50 Smol/L) of water-fluoride for one year showed morphological alterations in the brain and increased levels of aluminum in brain tissue compared with controls (Varner et al. 1998).

Rats exposed to high levels of fluoride show signs of toxicity damage.

The estimated decrease in average IQ associated with fluoride exposure based on our analysis may seem small and may be within the measurement error of IQ testing. ]

We're not certain if we measured any impact at all.

However, as research on other neurotoxicants has shown, a shift to the left of IQ distributions in a population will have substantial impacts, especially among those in the high and low ranges of the IQ distribution (Bellinger 2007).

If there were an impact it wouldn't be a good thing.

So - not much new there.

Capt'n Midnight

opinion guy wrote: »

Apparently you missed some important words. I've bolded them for you.
Up to. Not mean, not median. Up to. As in maximum.
Many. Not all. Not majority. Many.
Read table 1 a column gives the levels involved - many are only just above fluoridation levels.you.

you've missed something too

Only 11 of those 26 listed a LOW reference Fluoride value below our maximum 0.8 mg/L limit. The effects of HIGH Fluoride were then compared to the LOW values (most of which would be illegal here)

The lowest listed control value of 0.34mg/L is still 42.5% of our maximum permitted level.


The paper is not saying that our levels of fluoride are bad. It's saying that if you take levels that are in or above our maximum permitted levels to be LOW and then compare them with ones that are way above any EU legal limits then there may be a problem.

It should be noted that all the HIGH levels listed are at or above the levels that cause visible fluoridosis in teeth.

Bane

Flouride Tax FTW!!!

Jimoslimos

opinion guy wrote: »

Read it again then. The issue of publication bias - didn't you see the funnel plot ?

A funnel plot (symmetric) doesn't fully discount the possibility of bias.

opinion guy wrote: »

Apparently you missed some important words. I've bolded them for you.
Up to. Not mean, not median. Up to. As in maximum.
Many. Not all. Not majority. Many.
Read table 1 a column gives the levels involved - many are only just above fluoridation levels.

Where did I say anything about all or majority?
I'd also advise you to have a read of table 1 yourself, many of the reference levels are within current fluoridated water levels.

You really seem to be missing the point here. Try looking up toxicity and dose sometime. Pretty much everything you ingest, whether good for you of not, has a toxic dose. There is absolutely nothing in this paper which suggests the levels of fluoride in artificially-fluoridated water is at a level responsible for toxic effects.

opinion guy wrote: »

And really you people seem to be ignoring this:

The results suggest that fluoride may be a developmental neurotoxicant that affects brain development at exposures much below those that can cause toxicity in adults (Grandjean 1982). For neurotoxicants, such as lead and methylmercury, adverse effects are associated with blood
concentrations as low as 10 nmol/L. Serum-fluoride concentrations associated with high intakes from drinking-water may exceed 1 mg/L, or 50 Smol/L, thus more than 1000-times the levels of
some other neurotoxicants that cause neurodevelopmental damage. Supporting the plausibility of our findings, rats exposed to 1 ppm (50 Smol/L) of water-fluoride for one year showed morphological alterations in the brain and increased levels of aluminum in brain tissue compared
with controls (Varner et al. 1998). The estimated decrease in average IQ associated with fluoride exposure based on our analysis may seem small and may be within the measurement error of IQ testing. However, as research on other neurotoxicants has shown, a shift to the left of IQ distributions in a population will have substantial impacts, especially among those in the high and low ranges of the IQ distribution (Bellinger 2007).

Ignoring what? A completely irrelevant comment on the toxicity of two unrelated and extremely bioaccumulative heavy metals.

Or perhaps a 14 year old animal model study? How this relates to IQ levels in children? And following on from this.....

Choi et al wrote:

The estimated decrease in average IQ associated with fluoride exposure based on our analysis may seem small and may be within the measurement error of IQ testing

Hold on one minute! We're talking about IQ tests.......yes, probably one of the least reliable and easily biased measurement systems to determine neurotoxicity. Even the authors concede this.

Choi et al wrote:

Future research should formally evaluate dose-response relations based on individual-level measures of exposure over time, including more precise prenatal exposure assessment and more extensive standardized measures of neurobehavioral performance,

Capt'n Midnight

Jimoslimos wrote: »

There is absolutely nothing in this paper which suggests the levels of fluoride in artificially-fluoridated water is at a level responsible for toxic effects..

they are using levels at or above our legal limit as the baseline to compare to higher levels.

for this study to have any relevance to our levels of fluoride they would need to compare much lower levels against their baseline

uberalles

DesperateDan wrote: »

Yup I would say if your cat won't drink it that's because it's learnt that a better alternative will come along if it doesn't. Does your cat recieve milk whenever it wants by any chance?

Our cat is the same, It wont drink the water from the tap and we dont give it milk. Animals know something is wrong with the water.

Jimminy Mc Fukhead

uberalles wrote: »

Animals know something is wrong with the water.

The Animals told me the water is just fine.
The Animals love a good wind up.
You've been scamed uberalles

Dave!

uberalles wrote: »

Our cat is the same, It wont drink the water from the tap and we dont give it milk. Animals know something is wrong with the water.

My dog drinks tap water, so it must be grand

hooradiation

Dave! wrote: »

My dog drinks tap water, so it must be grand

And cats are complete dicks so it being fussy is a sign of nothing more than cats are complete dicks.

Cienciano

uberalles wrote: »

Our cat is the same, It wont drink the water from the tap and we dont give it milk. Animals know something is wrong with the water.

My dog hates getting into the car. So I stopped driving.
He also hates having a bath. I now stink. My balls taste great though.

paddy147

Filtered and Uv treated rainwater might be way to go in this country very soon.

--Kaiser--

paddy147 wrote: »

Filtered and Uv treated rainwater might be way to go in this country very soon.

Along with a tinfoil hat

Capt'n Midnight

uberalles wrote: »

Our cat is the same, It wont drink the water from the tap and we dont give it milk. Animals know something is wrong with the water.

Have you tried letting the water stand for 24hrs first to get rid of chlorine ?

barry711

I dont drink tap much because of this stuff and I've since switched toothpaste as a lot brands use it. I actually saw a advert for a children's mouthwash and the ad was saying it contains fluoride to help maintain and strengthen teeth and gums! Shocking.

seamus

My dog eats the faeces of other animals if I don't catch her in time. This must mean that I should start eating it too.

I mean really, "My cat won't drink tap water, therefore there must be something wrong with it"?

28064212

barry711 wrote: »

I dont drink tap much because of this stuff and I've since switched toothpaste as a lot brands use it. I actually saw a advert for a children's mouthwash and the ad was saying it contains fluoride to help maintain and strengthen teeth and gums! Shocking.

I know, it's unbelievable. It's almost like they have mountains of scientific research backing up the fact that fluoride helps maintain and strengthen teeth and gums.

paddy147

--Kaiser-- wrote: »

Along with a tinfoil hat

Ive drank harvested/UV treated rainwater,and I must say that the taste is like night and day compared to what Dublin City Council send me down the pipe.

Dave!

A chara, – For clarification, the terms of reference of Irish Expert Body on Fluorides and Health (IEBFH) remain as those given to it by the Minister for Health (Letters, July 31st-August 8th). These are to oversee the implementation of the recommendations of the Forum on Fluoridation, to advise the Minister and evaluate ongoing research – including new emerging issues – on all aspects of fluoride, its delivery methods as an established health technology and as required, and to report to the Minister on matters of concern at his/her request or on own initiative.

In your Letters pages, reference has been made to a review carried out by a team led by Dr Choi from Harvard University of a number of studies, mainly from China, which claim to show a very small effect of very high and possibly very low levels of naturally occurring fluoride on children’s intelligence. The Expert Body assessed these studies in 2011 and found that they were of no relevance to the national Irish water fluoridation schemes. The data from these studies, if taken at face value, would indicate that the highest IQ levels were associated with water fluoride ranges similar to those used in water fluoridation schemes in Ireland. However, the overall design of these studies is poor and they do not provide evidence of any effect on intelligence from either high or low fluoride levels. This view was also shared by the European Union’s Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Health (SCHER) in late 2011 which was similarly critical of the quality of the studies involved.

The Choi paper expressed a view that the potential effects of very high fluoride levels should be further investigated. This might be a more relevant question in countries with high naturally occurring fluoride, including the United States, which has an upper legal limit for naturally occurring fluoride in water of 4mg/L, which is five times higher than the maximum Irish legal limit for water fluoridation schemes. The Choi paper did not claim to have found any evidence of harm associated with water fluoridation.

Studies in Ireland and worldwide have found that water fluoridation has a significant benefit for dental health among both children and adults which is additional to the benefits of using fluoridated toothpastes and other products. People residing in fluoridated areas have better teeth with less disease than those residing in non-fluoridated areas. For example, in the last all-Ireland survey, there was in the order of 40 per cent fewer cavities in children living in fluoridated areas. Better dental health means better overall health, with fewer oral infections. The impact of poor dental health can be significant, particularly in the case of young children, where treatment might involve the use of hospital general anaesthetic services.

Fluoridated toothpastes became available in Ireland in the early 1970s and the proportion of toothpastes sold containing fluoride gradually increased over that decade. Today, over 90 per cent of toothpastes sold contain fluoride. Prior to the widespread availability of fluoride toothpaste, studies conducted in Dublin city (fluoridated 1964) and Cork city (fluoridated 1965) indicated that fluoridated water was having a major impact in reducing dental decay levels in children. Studies conducted elsewhere including in the United States and Britain showed similar results.

The safety and benefits of fluoridation have been endorsed by major international organisations such as the World Health Organization, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (US), the United States Public Health Service, the United States Surgeon General, the Federation Dentaire Internationale/World Dental Federation, the International Association for Dental Research and the Royal College of Physicians of England. One of the principal findings of the Forum on Fluoridation report in Ireland (2002) was that the best available and most reliable scientific evidence indicates that at the maximum permitted level of fluoride in drinking water at 1 part per million, human health is not adversely affected. To date, no new studies have emerged which change this finding.

The Expert Body continues to monitor all aspects of fluoridation in Ireland. A more comprehensive up-to-date statement on fluoridation is on the Irish Expert Body on Fluorides and Health website fluoridesandhealth.ie– Is mise,

Dr SEAMUS O’HICKEY,
Chairman,
Irish Expert Body on Fluorides
and Health,
Fenian Street, Dublin 2.

.

opinion guy

Dave - where did you cut and paste that from ?
Do you have a link ?

Edit: Never mind. Found it.
http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/letters/2012/0817/1224322325354.html

Cienciano

Seamus O'Hickey has just confirmed what a lot of people on here were saying. Nice to see it official though.
Any anti-flouride people care to make another argument?

My name is URL

Fluoridated toothpastes became available in Ireland in the early 1970s and the proportion of toothpastes sold containing fluoride gradually increased over that decade. Today, over 90 per cent of toothpastes sold contain fluoride. Prior to the widespread availability of fluoride toothpaste, studies conducted in Dublin city (fluoridated 1964) and Cork city (fluoridated 1965) indicated that fluoridated water was having a major impact in reducing dental decay levels in children.

That has always been my only argument against fluoridation. There was a time when I'm sure it was necessary to add it wholesale to water supplies, but with the modern availability of fluoridated toothpastes, access to dentistry and a more educated population etc, imo; the number of people it benefits has dropped significantly. It's been almost half a century since a proper study has been conducted in Ireland.. which in itself is bloody worrying really.

kickerr

Cienciano wrote: »

Seamus O'Hickey has just confirmed what a lot of people on here were saying. Nice to see it official though.
Any anti-flouride people care to make another argument?

http://enviro.ie/Rebuttal_June_2012.pdf

RESPONSE TO APPRAISAL BY
IRISH EXPERT BODY ON FLUORIDE AND HEALTH
ON THE REPORT
TITLED
HUMAN TOXICITY, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF WATER FLUORIDATION
THOROUGHLY REFUTING THEIR CLAIMS
AND
PROVIDING FACTUAL EVIDENCE
DEMONSTRATING
THEIR
MISREPRESENTATION OF SCIENTIFIC FACTS
June 2012

kickerr

This is just what the campaign needed....
https://www.facebook.com/TheGirlAgainstFluoride

My name is URL

kickerr wrote: »

This is just what the campaign needed....
https://www.facebook.com/TheGirlAgainstFluoride

It really, really isn't :pac:

Some Yoke

Yeah, screw you Fluoride!!! *kicks fluoride in the babymaker*

opinion guy

kickerr wrote: »

This is just what the campaign needed....
https://www.facebook.com/TheGirlAgainstFluoride

Oh dear. Was she an actual Rose of Tralee entrant or just a publicity thief ?

AlarmBelle

Originally Posted by Junior D
Those anti-Fluoride groups are actually some of the stupidest people I've ever seen. They just like to report the sensationalist, untrue claims. I've seen one website which claimed Fluoride was a method of brain control and it turns your brain to mush.

alastair wrote: »

Yep - and that's why the Nazis just loved it for the oul concentration camps. Won't someone think of the children!?

I have to admit. Conspiracy guff just winds me up.

I would not be surprised but would the people in the concentration camps not be docile enough given the sparse food and bad conditions?

AlarmBelle

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuTD-FGwLr0&feature=gv

AlarmBelle

Cienciano wrote: »

Seamus O'Hickey has just confirmed what a lot of people on here were saying. Nice to see it official though.
Any anti-flouride people care to make another argument?

I am not on any side but see this peer reviewed book. i would like to see scientifis debat about the contents
http://drpaulconnett.webs.com/books.htm

Tordelback

AlarmBelle wrote: »

I am not on any side but see this peer reviewed book. i would like to see scientifis debat about the contents
http://drpaulconnett.webs.com/books.htm

An interesting interpretation of the term 'peer reviewed', which is a very specific academic process. The only 'peers' that I can see mentioned are his co-authors, the rest of the commentary is book reviews (not the same thing at all) by the usual suspects, including Tim Case, whose qualification is given as follows: ".., a slight case of arthritis led him to discover that nutrition makes a difference and nutrition became a serious hobby".

I think 'vanity press' is the more appropriate term.

poeticseraphim

If you think fluoride is bad you don't want to hear what you encounter in your daily life.

I want fluoridated water.....if it was bottled i would buy it rather than volvic.

Conspiracy theorists are really starting to annoy me.

If a campaign starts to take it out of my water I am NOT going to be happy.

GO AWAY.

Women bleach their hair... inject botox into their faces..people eat junk food with more chemicals than their water ..do you really think people would care?

I believe fluoride is safe.

And no one would care anyway.......women are starting to put acid on the faces at night to burn off a top layer of skin....my friend does it.....sleeps with it on all night breathing it in. She KNOWS it is not great for her ...she does not care.

Fluoride is good for your teeth....it makes them pretty.....thats all that counts.....

My name is URL

poeticseraphim wrote: »

If you think fluoride is bad you don't want to hear what you encounter in your daily life.

What are you on about?

I want fluoridated water.....if it was bottled i would buy it rather than volvic.

Many don't want it added to their water. And all bottled water contains natural levels of fluoride, so knock yourself out. You can also buy tablets that you can add to the water yourself in case you want more.

If a campaign starts to take it out of my water I am NOT going to be happy.

GO AWAY.

Nah

Women bleach their hair... inject botox into their faces..people eat junk food with more chemicals than their water ..do you really think people would care?

What are you on about?

And no one would care anyway.......women are starting to put acid on the faces at night to burn off a top layer of skin....my friend does it.....sleeps with it on all night breathing it in. She KNOWS it is not great for her ...she does not care.

At least she has a choice on the matter. It's not as if a man comes round every night to scrub her face with acid for the good of everyone else.

poeticseraphim wrote: »

Fluoride is good for your teeth....it makes them pretty.....thats all that counts.....

lol.. No it doesn't. Proper dental care and regular visits to the dentist keep your teeth looking pretty. All fluoride does is very slightly remineralise softened enamel.

And besides it's in pretty much everything you eat and drink already. So with that in mind.. give at least one reason why it needs to be added to the entire public water supply.

ballsymchugh

My name is URL wrote: »

That has always been my only argument against fluoridation. There was a time when I'm sure it was necessary to add it wholesale to water supplies, but with the modern availability of fluoridated toothpastes, access to dentistry and a more educated population etc, imo; the number of people it benefits has dropped significantly. It's been almost half a century since a proper study has been conducted in Ireland.. which in itself is bloody worrying really.

you'd be very, very surprised on that bit.

Capt'n Midnight

My name is URL wrote: »

All fluoride does is very slightly remineralise softened enamel.

qft

caste_in_exile

I don't give a toss for my marbles long as my teeth are together.. after all, behind the flawless smile what girl sees your scattered brain.

craggles

My name is URL wrote: »

What are you on about?

One day of exposure to car exhaust fumes in a busy city is worse for you than a year of drinking fluorinated water.

joseph brand

The tap water in Tallaght is delicious, as water goes. But that was then.

Now I live in Navan, our water isn't great for makin tae, and out of a glass, it's pretty sh*t! It's hard water, which means it also dries my hands in cold weather, resulting in small cracks and blood.

That's enough of my whinging for now. /puts kettle on

joseph brand

craggles wrote: »

One day of exposure to car exhaust fumes in a busy city is worse for you than a year of drinking fluorinated water.

Let's not forget the hazards poised by the carcinogenic BBQ.

Barbecue grills can be problematic for two reasons. First, both charcoal and wood burn “dirty,” producing not only hydrocarbons but also tiny soot particles that pollute the air and can aggravate heart and lung problems. Secondly, the grilling of meat can form two kinds of potentially carcinogenic compounds: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic amines (HCAs).

Charcoal Grilling May Pose Cancer Risks
According to the American Cancer Society, PAHs form when fat from meat drips onto the charcoal. They then rise with the smoke and can get deposited on the food. They can also form directly on the food as it is charred. The hotter the temperature and the longer the meat cooks, the more HCAs are formed.

HCAs can also form on broiled and pan-fried beef, pork, foul and fish, not just on grilled meats. In fact, National Cancer Institute researchers have identified 17 different HCAs that result from cooking “muscle meats” and that may pose human cancer risks. Studies have also shown increased risk of colorectal, pancreatic and breast cancers associated with high intakes of well done, fried or barbequed meats.

So, if you're selling the Herald in traffic, don't smoke, and certainly don't BBQ you're dinner. You're just asking for it!

Run_to_da_hills

poeticseraphim wrote: »

I
I believe fluoride is safe.

You watch too much television.

Radiation is also nutritious.

ballsymchugh

Run_to_da_hills wrote: »

You watch too much television.

Radiation is also nutritious.

oh FFS

i take it you never leave the house in case the sun is shining, what with all those carcinogenic rays shining on your pasty face?

JCabot

This action of adding fluoride to our drinking water which is compulsory medication by a substance regarded within europe and many other parts of the world as a biocide and a posion is unconstutional. But it also has the potential of destroying our food export industry.

If it becomes common knowledge within many counteries where fluoride is rightly regarded as a toxin and is banned that our food products are manufacture with water containing fluoride they may also be banned.

I asked Diaego recently if beer brewed in St. James gate was done so using water which was medically treated with fluoride. As most of this product is exported to counteries which ban fluoride, I am still waiting for an answer.

Rynox45

Install a morality core in every water pumping station to prevent it filling the water supply with deadly neurotoxin

Solair

joseph brand wrote: »

The tap water in Tallaght is delicious, as water goes. But that was then.

Now I live in Navan, our water isn't great for makin tae, and out of a glass, it's pretty sh*t! It's hard water, which means it also dries my hands in cold weather, resulting in small cracks and blood.

That's enough of my whinging for now. /puts kettle on

Hardwater is mostly just dissolved limestone from the rocks in your area. Calcium Carbonate. It's good for your bones, but bad for your hot-water heating appliances and can be a bit drying on your skin, especially if you're using exessive amounts of soap.

Get yourself a better shower gel and a water filter.

OurLadyofKnock

Even if flouride worked, then it should be topical only. Toothpaste. Problem solved.

The ingestion part makes no sense and potentially dangerous. Should we put Oil of Olay in the drinking water so we have nice skin?

It's banned in many countries for a reason. Get it out.

Capt'n Midnight

OurLadyofKnock wrote: »

It's banned in many countries for a reason. Get it out.

Freedom of speech is banned in many countries, alcohol too.

hatrickpatrick

poeticseraphim wrote: »

Women bleach their hair... inject botox into their faces..people eat junk food with more chemicals than their water ..do you really think people would care?

And no one would care anyway.......women are starting to put acid on the faces at night to burn off a top layer of skin....my friend does it.....sleeps with it on all night breathing it in. She KNOWS it is not great for her ...she does not care.

All of the above are entirely optional choices. Drinking water is not a choice. To compare the two is ridiculous.

Shryke

Capt'n Midnight wrote: »

Freedom of speech is banned in many countries, alcohol too.

For religious reasons, not based on the weighing of scientific evidence or any logical reasoning. Don't run away with yourself.

OurLadyofKnock

Capt'n Midnight wrote: »

Freedom of speech is banned in many countries, alcohol too.

That's a frankly absurd comparision to be fair.

dttq

Lefticus Loonaticus wrote: »

http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/letters/2012/0731/1224321156328.html

'Sir, – The problem with fluoride just got a whole lot bigger now that Harvard University has published a study in a peer-reviewed journal by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences demonstrating how fluoride in water can cause permanent neurological damage to children. The Harvard study joins 26 other scientific studies in finding that fluoride is a dangerous neurotoxin.


This supports the findings noted in the esteemed Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons in its review of water fluoridation by Prof Joel M Kauffman, PhD, which concluded: “There is evidence that fluoridation increases the incidence of cancer, hip fractures, joint problems, and that by causing fluorosis it damages both teeth and bones. Other medical problems may also occur, including neurological damage. Fluoridation of municipal water should cease. Individuals should remove fluoride from their tap water if fluoridation cannot be stopped.”


It also supports the observations in the recent Irish risk assessment of water fluoridation titled Human Toxicity, Environmental Impact and Legal Implications of Water fluoridation which was submitted to the Government in March 2012. – Yours, etc,


DECLAN WAUGH,
Doherty’s Road,
Bandon,
Co Cork.'


Looks as tho the fact that fluoride is a serious health hazard is finally beginning to seep out into the mainstream.

The real question is; will the Irish government act hastily to rid this chemical from our water system; or will they just keep pretending they knew none the wiser and thus avoid scandal.

Ill bet they will keep it going as long as possible. At least until they are out of office, so someone else can deal with the political repercussions.

Do you think any of the cabinet drink water from their taps?

Do you drink water from the tap.........?

http://www.google.ie/imgres?q=tin+foil+hat&start=22&num=10&um=1&hl=en&safe=off&biw=1366&bih=632&tbm=isch&tbnid=HuOe3H0VhTl5EM:&imgrefurl=http://surrealiststreetgang.com/%3Fcat%3D16&docid=d3wlKCwingjhfM&imgurl=http://surrealiststreetgang.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/foil_hat.jpg&w=387&h=379&ei=JhagUL2vBZKLhQfqp4GgBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=948&vpy=140&dur=643&hovh=222&hovw=227&tx=106&ty=83&sig=104396955581538874179&page=2&tbnh=142&tbnw=133&ndsp=30&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:20,i:28

dttq

grenache wrote: »

I grew up in the countryside. We've always had our own well, none of that nasty fluoride in our supply. Just pure natural spring water. My cousins from the city always remarked how much better it tasted than what they were used to.

Now that I live in a city I do miss it.

Natural Spring water? With the amount of chemicals, pesticides and slurry used in modern agriculture, a lot of which passes down through the soil and into aquifers - I doubt most of the water out there now qualifies as "spring water". Think I'll take my chances with a regulated, thoroughly checked and treated water supply over risking drinking untreated water out of a potentially polluted aquifer rife with chemicals and bacteria.