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Brexit Discussion Thread VI
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I have to agree. I have felt all along that this is what would happen. That come March 30th they would have crashed out of the EU without a deal. Now as to what happens and how long that takes after that is anybody's guess but I have seen nothing from them to suggest that they are even remotely close to getting in touch with reality. It might be that they need the cold hard reality of the utter chaos and mess that a no deal departure from the EU will bring to wake them up from their delusions of grandeur.
Parliament will take the reins to avoid a No Deal.0 -
FrancieBrady wrote: »Parliament will take the reins to avoid a No Deal.
They may well indeed. I just have had a gut feeling that they will walk off the cliff first before reality sets in.0 -
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Call me Al wrote: »I have already explained to you that if we have an open border from a non-eu country it calls into question the integrity of all our exports, not just the ones originating in the UK, the scale of which is huge. Not to mention the standard of produce we end up with for our own domestic consumption.
You haven't already explained that to me, but do you think that the scale of it is larger than enforcing a hard border with Northern Ireland? Over 200 border crossings vs. a handful of ports! Even leaving the logistics aside, it's certainly far less politically charged.
Regarding calling into question the integrity of all our exports, what you are fundamentally trying to suggest is that the EU would not accept exports from Ireland if there was an open border with the U.K. But lets look at the reality of the situation. No border is completely impenetrable. Drugs, for example, get into the EU and circulate amongst member states all the time. Likewise with non duty paid cigarettes from outside the E.U. There is no way of absolutely stopping these things, all you can do is impose checks. If the E.U. was satisfied with an arrangement , they can hardly complain about it at the same time.
We aren't dealing with good choices. We are dealing with a catastrophic hard brexit or finding some kind of practical solution. Let's not be like the British and pick battles we cannot win. We want to avoid a hard border in Northern Ireland at all costs. This means we will need to find compromises in other areas or else accept the mutually assured destruction of no deal. Which is probably what is going to happen in any event.0 -
johnnyskeleton wrote: »Leaving the rhetoric aside, how do we become the UK's whipping boy in that scenario? We are looking for a practical solution to trade with as many countries as possible and avoid a hard border in the North. If that means that we have an open border with the UK and it requires that customs checks happen when goods are moved from Ireland to the rest of the E.U., obviously it is not great, but it could well be the least worst option.
As for them showing us contempt, so what? Let's do what's good for Ireland and let the U.K. act as appallingly as they want!
Surely if we decide to keep the border open with the UK instead of the EU it means we are at the mercy of UK trade deals? The UK will in that scenario quickly have a trade deal with the US and their hormone beef and chlorinated chicken which will have an open border to us and a barrier to the EU.
Would we have a say in the trade deal the UK strikes? Because they will determine what goods are freely allowed into our country in that case.0 -
There will be a HOC amendment next week that will demand either an extension to A50 or a revocation of A50 if no withdrawal agreement is passed before 29th of March
If this passes, it will take a crashout off the table as the default scenario and it will mean that TM will have to go to Europe cap in hand requesting an extension or else A50 will be withdrawn and there will be no brexit.
If the EU know that May's hands are tied and the default is now no brexit, then they won't be in any mood to grant an extension of Article 50
If this pans out, it will have been a piece of genius 3 dimensional chess by the remainers in parliament, give Theresa May enough time to negotiate a deal that they know won't pass parliament, and then give her every opportunity to back down knowing that she won't back down, and then swoop in to rescue the UK from the horrors of the hardest of hard brexits in the nick of time.
An extension of Article 50 will only be allowed if there is a UK election or a new referendum. It is already the UK law that they will leave EU on 29 March.
UK can withdraw their Article 50 meaning that they decide not to leave EU. I don't think that they can revoke Article 50 and do it again in April with another 2 years of negociation.0 -
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johnnyskeleton wrote:If that means that we have an open border with the UK and it requires that customs checks happen when goods are moved from Ireland to the rest of the E.U., obviously it is not great, but it could well be the least worst option.
The UK takes 13% of our exports. The rest of the EU takes 39%.
We are world leaders in attracting FDI. One of our main attractions to foreign direct investors is our membership of the Single Market. It would be a serious act of economic self harm on several levels to do anything to reduce that.
In any case there is no possibility that the EU will damage the integrity of the Single Market or limit any member's participation in it.0 -
Someone on the radio was speaking(on the No Deal amendment) about the difficulty of backbencher motions or amendments (I think the proposer Yvette Cooper is a backbench Tory)making it to a vote or through.
Anyone know the finer detail of how it works?0 -
FrancieBrady wrote: »Someone on the radio was speaking(on the No Deal amendment) about the difficulty of backbencher motions or amendments (I think the proposer Yvette Cooper is a backbench Tory)making it to a vote or through.
Anyone know the finer detail of how it works?0 -
FrancieBrady wrote: »Someone on the radio was speaking(on the No Deal amendment) about the difficulty of backbencher motions or amendments (I think the proposer Yvette Cooper is a backbench Tory)making it to a vote or through.
Anyone know the finer detail of how it works?
Well yes it is difficult for backbenchers to have their motions or amendments make it to a vote and actually succeed, because the government sets the agenda and they have a majority of seats to block it in most cases as well. But Brexit has thrown the cat among the pigeons and it is a free for all and nobody knows what will actually succeed. We know what will not get voted through but we don't know what will actually be voted on by parliament.
BTW, Yvette Cooper is not a Tory.0 -
johnnyskeleton wrote: »Call me Al wrote: »Yes it would be.
We have asked for none of this. This is not our issue to resolve. We have been told repeatedly by some of those in parliament that there is a solution involving technology right there, and yet the UK have done nothing to source or investigate it. They haven't even feigned any respect towards us by putting their plans and system to tender.
Instead we would end up having to be the nanny for a UK export market the integrity of which is beyond our control, not to mention jeopardising the quality of our own domestic market, and thus the integrity of any and all of our exports.
It isn't a problem of our making, but the realpolitik of the situation is that we are a small nation that can only, at the end of the day, look after our own interests.
Other than feeling that we shouldn't be doing the UK's work for them, surely you accept that being a small nation in a nexus point between larger nations is a boon for trade. I'm not saying we would become the next Hong Kong, but if people want to trade through Ireland and that involves Irish people working in transport, buying and selling, customs checks etc, how is that a bad thing?
Re jeopardising the quality of our own domestic market, the fact that a significant part (roughly 30% by tonnage) of our goods exports to Europe go through the UK in the "landbridge", so Brexit is going to cause trouble for that one way or another.
So the issue is whether a practical solution can be achieved or if it cannot.
Now, I don't know enough about the logicstics of it, so maybe it can't be done. I also would be fairly convinced that the E.U. would object to an internal border in the E.U. just as much as the U.K. object to an internal border in the U.K. But I don't think it should be off the table, and I certainly don't think we should refuse to consider it merely out of a sense of sticking it to the U.K. government because they have handled Brexit so badly.
The rest of the UK is closer to the EU so we would not be a nexus.
By domestic market I think they mean our own market. The goods we buy on the shelf would need standards set by the UK and only the UK. We get a say in EU standards, you are removing that ability. We have alternate routes to the UK if tariffs prove an issue going through the UK but this would entirely remove the option. We would just be stuck with tariffs set by the UK without our input.
This has so few benefits and the downsides would be catastrophic for the nation. That is why it is off the table. We trade more with the EU than the UK. The UK is also likely headed for a recession in a few months time (with the above solution) due to a largely hard Brexit and so will be less valuable as a market.
This is not realpolitik so much as it is accepting English rule again.0 -
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Well yes it is difficult for backbenchers to have their motions or amendments make it to a vote and actually succeed, because the government sets the agenda and they have a majority of seats to block it in most cases as well. But Brexit has thrown the cat among the pigeons and it is a free for all and nobody knows what will actually succeed. We know what will not get voted through but we don't know what will actually be voted on by parliament.
BTW, Yvette Cooper is not a Tory.
Ok, didn't know what party she was.
So, is this going to be voted on or do we not know yet?
*Thanks for explanation.0 -
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What? We lose trade with the EU as goods would be delayed and have tariff checks there. Even then I am not sure how you tell if goods came from the UK or the Republic so our own goods may have yo accept taxes to get to the EU and then we will need to match the UK's taxes for import goods while having no say in how they are set.
Yes, goods would be delayed. However, they will be delayed anyway in the event of a no deal brexit. We would not have to pay taxes on our own goods exported to the EU and we would not have to match taxes for UK imports. You tell if they come from the UK by requiring a customs declaration and if someone fraudulently fails to do so and is caught, they face criminal sanctions and the loss of their hauliage licence.Have to accept whatever standards the UK puts on food and other goods (let's be honest here whatever standards the US tells the UK to have). Remember open border means whatever can get sold in the UK will have easy access to the Republic and they are the bigger economy there.
Nope. Ireland retains its own standards on food and other goods. The open border means that those goods will not be checked when passing the border; it doesn't mean that they can be legally sold in Ireland. At the moment, there are certain pharmaceutical goods that can be sold in Ireland but not in the UK and vice versa. We have an open border, but it doesn't mean that all the same goods are sold in both countries.
Again, there is a risk that someone might illegally bring such goods into Ireland and try to sell them. That risk still exists with a hard border in the North. It is impossible to police that entire border. The way you stop those goods being sold is that you enforce the regulations in Ireland.
In simple terms, if the UK has chlorinated chicken and Ireland doesn't allow it to be sold, the FSA can carry out checks of supermarkets and such and if they find chlorinated chicken they can fine the supermarket. Someone who goes to the effort of illegally importing chlorinated chicken and repackaging it in Ireland is in no better or worse position than someone in Ireland who tries to produce it in violation of food safety standards.How is that better than no deal? Or no deal and wait for a few weeks till they take the deal that was offered?
No deal will mean a hard border in Northern Ireland. This issue transcends economics and goes to the heart of the peace process. The whole reason the Irish government is insistent on the backstop is that the possibility of a hard border is our no.1 concern, far beyond the risk to the economy (which the EU has already said they will provide grant aid for in the event of loss).0 -
FrancieBrady wrote: »Ok, didn't know what party she was.
So, is this going to be voted on or do we not know yet?
*Thanks for explanation.
Well the explanation is open to be corrected but it stands to reason that if a backbench motion is in contradiction of government policy that they will fight tooth and nail to prevent it. If they see it as harmless they will not whip their party members and will most likely abstain from voting on it.
As for if it will happen, I have no idea. It is a game of chess being played on what is allowed for what and what is ignored. The government will have the civil service to advice them and help them whereas the backbenchers are on their own. The difference is that remainers have some very intelligent individuals also on their side. This includes Dominic Grieve who was Attorney General and is a QC so he is playing the game just as well as the government in regards to what they can and cannot do. Take the finance bill vote (I think) last week that the government lost. Basically it tied the hands of government to set tax rates without parliament approval. So in a no deal they cannot just slash corporation tax or income tax on their own.
It may seem a small and insignificant vote but it is a small step to try and prevent a no deal Brexit. The same as the Grieve amendment forcing her to set out her plan today. It is all trying to prevent no-deal or a hard Brexit by a thousand cuts.0 -
From a quick Google search, it seems that UK can revoke Article 50 on 28 March. And they can then trigger a new Article 50, giving them 2 more years to negociate a new EU withdrawal deal. Someone please tell me I'm wrong...0
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Is there any proper assessment done of the full scale of issues that will be caused by a no deal exit?0
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From a quick Google search, it seems that UK can revoke Article 50 on 28 March. And they can then trigger a new Article 50, giving them 2 more years to negociate a new EU withdrawal deal. Someone please tell me I'm wrong...
They were told they can't revoke it in order to give themselves more time to invoke it again. Can't remember the wording as ironically new EU legislation now makes it difficult to find these things out from news publications. Basically if they believe it's not in good faith they can't.0 -
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From a quick Google search, it seems that UK can revoke Article 50 on 28 March. And they can then trigger a new Article 50, giving them 2 more years to negociate a new EU withdrawal deal. Someone please tell me I'm wrong...
Well, not quite. They can unilaterally revoke Article 50, it's true. However, the EU is unlikely to improve the Withdrawal Agreement it is currently offering simply because Theresa May has decided to add to the silly games the Conservative party has been gambling on with the country's future. They're happy to accommodate a reversal of Brexit and are well experienced in dealing with "ratification difficulties" but I'd say they'll just get told "Take it or leave it". Then of course, there are the Brexiteers. All an extension would do is embolden them.The foreigner residing among you must be treated as your native-born. Love them as yourself, for you were foreigners in Egypt. I am the LORD your God.
Leviticus 19:34
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johnnyskeleton wrote: »Yes, goods would be delayed. However, they will be delayed anyway in the event of a no deal brexit. We would not have to pay taxes on our own goods exported to the EU and we would not have to match taxes for UK imports. You tell if they come from the UK by requiring a customs declaration and if someone fraudulently fails to do so and is caught, they face criminal sanctions and the loss of their hauliage licence.
Nope. Ireland retains its own standards on food and other goods. The open border means that those goods will not be checked when passing the border; it doesn't mean that they can be legally sold in Ireland. At the moment, there are certain pharmaceutical goods that can be sold in Ireland but not in the UK and vice versa. We have an open border, but it doesn't mean that all the same goods are sold in both countries.
Again, there is a risk that someone might illegally bring such goods into Ireland and try to sell them. That risk still exists with a hard border in the North. It is impossible to police that entire border. The way you stop those goods being sold is that you enforce the regulations in Ireland.
In simple terms, if the UK has chlorinated chicken and Ireland doesn't allow it to be sold, the FSA can carry out checks of supermarkets and such and if they find chlorinated chicken they can fine the supermarket. Someone who goes to the effort of illegally importing chlorinated chicken and repackaging it in Ireland is in no better or worse position than someone in Ireland who tries to produce it in violation of food safety standards.
No deal will mean a hard border in Northern Ireland. This issue transcends economics and goes to the heart of the peace process. The whole reason the Irish government is insistent on the backstop is that the possibility of a hard border is our no.1 concern, far beyond the risk to the economy (which the EU has already said they will provide grant aid for in the event of loss).0 -
johnnyskeleton wrote: »Nope. Ireland retains its own standards on food and other goods. The open border means that those goods will not be checked when passing the border; it doesn't mean that they can be legally sold in Ireland. At the moment, there are certain pharmaceutical goods that can be sold in Ireland but not in the UK and vice versa. We have an open border, but it doesn't mean that all the same goods are sold in both countries.
Again, there is a risk that someone might illegally bring such goods into Ireland and try to sell them. That risk still exists with a hard border in the North. It is impossible to police that entire border. The way you stop those goods being sold is that you enforce the regulations in Ireland.
In simple terms, if the UK has chlorinated chicken and Ireland doesn't allow it to be sold, the FSA can carry out checks of supermarkets and such and if they find chlorinated chicken they can fine the supermarket. Someone who goes to the effort of illegally importing chlorinated chicken and repackaging it in Ireland is in no better or worse position than someone in Ireland who tries to produce it in violation of food safety standards.
But there are rules governing how food is produced in the EU and this is done within the regulations of the EU. So a chicken from France will not have to be checked the same as one from the UK right now. We know it is safe (by a high probability) and confirms to the standards set by the EU. If we are tied to the UK open border and they relax their laws on standards and packaging, not needing producers to label their products properly after importing it then we have to check everything coming from the UK to see where it is from and what it contains because the UK will not need it to be done.
I know the easiest way to protect the GFA is for us to go with the UK but it is in no way the best option. We would really only be making trouble for ourselves economically and will be in effect taking rules from the UK instead of the EU. All of this to ensure the UK sticks to the GFA that they willingly signed up for. We shouldn't be forced to appease the UK just because they are having a hissy fit in one of their political parties.0 -
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From a quick Google search, it seems that UK can revoke Article 50 on 28 March. And they can then trigger a new Article 50, giving them 2 more years to negociate a new EU withdrawal deal. Someone please tell me I'm wrong...
I think the UK must follow their own constitutional requirements.
The EU could expect that that means a referendum, but at least a vote through parliament. Now second time round, the House of Lords might insist on a referendum to back such a move.
The EU would then produce the WA and say that is what we want you to ratify.0 -
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FrancieBrady wrote: »Someone on the radio was speaking(on the No Deal amendment) about the difficulty of backbencher motions or amendments (I think the proposer Yvette Cooper is a backbench Tory)making it to a vote or through.
Anyone know the finer detail of how it works?prawnsambo wrote: »I thought Yvette Cooper was Labour. Open to correction though.
Good grief.
Of course Yvette Cooper is labour.
She’s a former minister and party leadership candidate0 -
prawnsambo wrote: »I thought Yvette Cooper was Labour. Open to correction though.
Yes, and the next leader of the Labour party I think. Either her or K. Starmer would be good.0 -
From a quick Google search, it seems that UK can revoke Article 50 on 28 March. And they can then trigger a new Article 50, giving them 2 more years to negociate a new EU withdrawal deal. Someone please tell me I'm wrong...
They can but seeing that the withdrawal would not be in good faith, although this is not in the ECJ ruling itself it was in the legal opinion that came out just before, the EU would have no reason to go back to the negotiating table and offer anything different. Nothing will have changed other than the date of exit and it would still be up to the UK to tell the EU what it wants. I doubt leavers would be happy to do that and in reality I don't know if the UK would be in good shape seeing that they have wasted almost 3 years ignoring important domestic problems in the NHS, education and most worryingly judiciary that needed solutions 3 years ago.0 -
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Why would goods go through Ireland?
The rest of the UK is closer to the EU so we would not be a nexus.
We are talking about a form of backstop or how a border between the UK and the EU could be implemented. Obviously in the event of a free trade deal or even some form of single market access, the UK will continue on as normal and there would be no need for a hard border in Northern Ireland anyway. The reason we are talking about a border at all is because EU and WTO rules requires some form of customs checks, and the concern would be that if there are no checks on the Irish border, that UK goods would be able to get into the EU via Ireland. If there were very few goods passing through Ireland from the UK into the EU, then there would be very few customs checks, logically.By domestic market I think they mean our own market. The goods we buy on the shelf would need standards set by the UK and only the UK. We get a say in EU standards, you are removing that ability. We have alternate routes to the UK if tariffs prove an issue going through the UK but this would entirely remove the option. We would just be stuck with tariffs set by the UK without our input.
Not at all. Let's look at the situation right now. If you want to buy Solpadine Max in Belfast, you walk into a pharmacy (or supermarket) pick it off the shelf and then pay for it. If you want to buy it in Dublin, you have to speak to the pharmacist first and satisfy them that you really need it and that you are not addicted to it and they are entitled to refuse to sell it. Ireland has one regulation, the UK has another. As we are both EU members, we are both bound by EU regulations, but in some areas which are not directly covered by EU legislation, we have different regulations.
The fact that you don't have customs checks at a border doesn't mean of itself that you have to accept another country's regulations. The reason why trade deals are so difficult and take so much time is that they require one country to ask the other country to remove certain regulations so that certain goods can not be sold. All we are concerned with is how we monitor the goods coming from the UK in a manner that is compatible with our membership of the European Union. Our regulations stay the exact same.This has so few benefits and the downsides would be catastrophic for the nation. That is why it is off the table. We trade more with the EU than the UK. The UK is also likely headed for a recession in a few months time (with the above solution) due to a largely hard Brexit and so will be less valuable as a market.
Our trading terms with the rest of the EU will remain the same. The only issue is that the goods will be checked somewhere. But even accepting your premise, it is putting the economics of the South over the peace process in the North.This is not realpolitik so much as it is accepting English rule again.
I don't think you understand what realpolitik means. It is practical reality over ideological concerns. Saying we would be acceping English rule is empty rhetoric. We would be trading with the EU and trading with the UK and the only difference is that goods would be checked in Ireland to see if they are from the UK. If they are not, then there is no issue. If they are, they will be tarrifed. If someone tries to pretend that they are from Ireland and they are actually from the UK, they will go to jail. There will be delays in Irish ports. But the alternative is a hard border with Northern Ireland.0 -
johnnyskeleton wrote:Yes, goods would be delayed. However, they will be delayed anyway in the event of a no deal brexit. We would not have to pay taxes on our own goods exported to the EU and we would not have to match taxes for UK imports. You tell if they come from the UK by requiring a customs declaration and if someone fraudulently fails to do so and is caught, they face criminal sanctions and the loss of their hauliage licence.
I don't think you understand how a single market works. The whole point is to eliminate the need for checks of any sort.
And you cannot have different rules for Ireland and the rest of the SM. That undermines the whole point of a common external tariff. If we break from the CET we automatically cease to be party to the EU's trade arrangements with third countries.
The attraction of the UK landbridge to the continent will be reduced by Brexit no matter what deal is done. That is unfortunate but not fatal. There are alternatives and the EU will help develop more.johnnyskeleton wrote:Nope. Ireland retains its own standards on food and other goods. The open border means that those goods will not be checked when passing the border; it doesn't mean that they can be legally sold in Ireland. At the moment, there are certain pharmaceutical goods that can be sold in Ireland but not in the UK and vice versa. We have an open border, but it doesn't mean that all the same goods are sold in both countries.johnnyskeleton wrote:Again, there is a risk that someone might illegally bring such goods into Ireland and try to sell them. That risk still exists with a hard border in the North. It is impossible to police that entire border. The way you stop those goods being sold is that you enforce the regulations in Ireland.
See abovejohnnyskeleton wrote:In simple terms, if the UK has chlorinated chicken and Ireland doesn't allow it to be sold, the FSA can carry out checks of supermarkets and such and if they find chlorinated chicken they can fine the supermarket. Someone who goes to the effort of illegally importing chlorinated chicken and repackaging it in Ireland is in no better or worse position than someone in Ireland who tries to produce it in violation of food safety standards.
See abovejohnnyskeleton wrote:No deal will mean a hard border in Northern Ireland. This issue transcends economics and goes to the heart of the peace process. The whole reason the Irish government is insistent on the backstop is that the possibility of a hard border is our no.1 concern, far beyond the risk to the economy (which the EU has already said they will provide grant aid for in the event of loss).
There is undoubtedly a security risk attached to a hard border. That needs to be addressed but economic suicide is not the answer.
The EU will not subsidise trade at a company level but will help with infrastructure and systems to help by-pass the UK.0 -
ancapailldorcha wrote: »Well, not quite. They can unilaterally revoke Article 50, it's true. However, the EU is unlikely to improve the Withdrawal Agreement it is currently offering simply because Theresa May has decided to add to the silly games the Conservative party has been gambling on with the country's future. They're happy to accommodate a reversal of Brexit and are well experienced in dealing with "ratification difficulties" but I'd say they'll just get told "Take it or leave it". Then of course, there are the Brexiteers. All an extension would do is embolden them.
Yes, in such a case EU would not engage with them. But UK can do it, right ? Is this why Mrs. May seems to be doing nothing at the moment ?
UK can exit A50 and a couple of days later trigger A50 again. They get another 2 years as a member of EU. It is possible.0 -
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Surely if we decide to keep the border open with the UK instead of the EU it means we are at the mercy of UK trade deals? The UK will in that scenario quickly have a trade deal with the US and their hormone beef and chlorinated chicken which will have an open border to us and a barrier to the EU.
Would we have a say in the trade deal the UK strikes? Because they will determine what goods are freely allowed into our country in that case.
We wouldn't have to be party to any UK trade deals, and we would not have to accept US goods for sale in Ireland. We are talking about where you physically check the goods. And we have made it a political priority that those checks do not take place anywhere near Northern Ireland.0 -
Folkstonian wrote: »Good grief.
Of course Yvette Cooper is labour.
She’s a former minister and party leadership candidate0 -
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I don't think you understand how a single market works. The whole point is to eliminate the need for checks of any sort.
And you cannot have different rules for Ireland and the rest of the SM. That undermines the whole point of a common external tariff. If we break from the CET we automatically cease to be party to the EU's trade arrangements with third countries.
I do understand it, and the issue is how you enforce the rules, not what those rules are. In any event, as I said above, I doubt the EU would agree to an internal border within the EU, but that's missing the point. The other poster was saying that it would be bad for Ireland and would force Ireland to leave the EU. Not if the EU agrees to it.0 -
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johnnyskeleton wrote:Nope. Ireland retains its own standards on food and other goods. The open border means that those goods will not be checked when passing the border; it doesn't mean that they can be legally sold in Ireland. At the moment, there are certain pharmaceutical goods that can be sold in Ireland but not in the UK and vice versa. We have an open border, but it doesn't mean that all the same goods are sold in both countries.
What you are fudementally proposing is that Ireland leave the EU. The whole point of a common market and customs union is that all goods and services that are produced in or imported into that area conform to the same set of standards. Now depending on the scope not all products and services may be covered. However by allowing an open border there is no way you can ensure the relevant standards and procedures are enforced for the relevant product/service. You are guaranteed to see other EU countries object to that. But you will also have issues with most business and labour unions if they feel there members are being undercut by lower cost/standard competitors. And that's ignoring other groups such as environmentalists and others you may have other but related concerns.0
This discussion has been closed.
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