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High Irish GDP is an illusion, Ireland is not that rich

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  • Registered Users Posts: 26,511 ✭✭✭✭Peregrinus


    Mmm. GDP isn't quite analogous to your income from your job.

    I agree with you that GDP isn't a measure of capital stock. But if a country has a GDP of (say) $400 billion and if you think of the national economy as an asset, then what you have is an asset capable of generating $400 bn per annum. What value you place on the asset is up to you — you can argue about how best to value it — but it's clearly a significantly valuable asset. It's wealth.

    And a national economy is more like an asset than it is like an employment contract. The factors of production are land (i.e. the country's physical natural resources), labour (the workforce and potential workforce), capital (accumulated investment, wealth) and enterprise (organisation, systems, structures, etc for marshalling and managing the other factors of production so that goods and services actually get produced). Your employment contract could end tomorrow and you wouldn't see another penny of earnings from it. Without savings, or another job, you'd starve. But a country's resources, its workforce, its accumulated wealth and its enterprise can't be terminated overnight the way that an employment contract can. They can be damaged, they can be degraded, they can be managed more or less effectively, etc, etc, but they can't simply disappear. There is no guarantee that next year's GDP will be as high as this year's, but it is all but certain that there will be a GDP next year.

    If a country has a high GPD, that does mean that it is wealthy, in the sense that it has a significant amount of productive assets. GDP isn't the measure of that wealth, but it is the product of that wealth



  • Registered Users Posts: 4,333 ✭✭✭PokeHerKing


    The simple fact is every single country has issues. Ireland has a great standard of living by any global metric. Its why people are risking life and limb to get here.

    Every generation has disenfranchised youth. It's just the first period in human history to give them the ability to whinge to the world through social media.

    Same with the people who didn't do as well in life as they hoped. They're usually the loudest and social media gives them a platform.

    People choosing Dubai over Ireland, good luck to you. Wouldn't be for me but get what you can while you can. Just stop moaning about it at Dublin Airport to some virgin media hack.

    Post edited by PokeHerKing on


  • Registered Users Posts: 7,049 ✭✭✭timmyntc


    Correct, 109 was from 2021, rte article quoting 109 for the latest when GNI* itself has grown a lot in those 2 years



  • Moderators, Science, Health & Environment Moderators Posts: 19,702 Mod ✭✭✭✭Sam Russell


    Well, yes. You are correct that GDP is indicative of wealth because the economy is a going concern and not a salary.

    Unfortunately, the assets in the economy are not wholly, or even mainly, owned by natively resident people. Consequently, the wealth created by those assets leaves the economy.

    Now, the taxation derived from the economy is used to provide health services, social welfare, education, policing, and other services. It also should provide infrastructure, and the maintenance of that infrastructure. It is the last bit that is holding us back in the wealth stakes.

    We, as a nation, put a very high value in property (real estate). This has inflated the sale price of this asset class such that it is valued too highly, and distorts the market such that housing is a major concern.



  • Registered Users Posts: 26,511 ✭✭✭✭Peregrinus


    I think you overstate the extent to which the assets that constitute the economy are not mainly owned by residents. Land and other natural resources are mostly owned domestically, and the labour force and potential labour force consists pretty much entirely of Irish residents. But a good deal of our capital, and some of our enterprise, is imported in the form of inward direct investment. This isn't a deficit, though; our success at attracting inward direct investment has been the engine of growth in the economy, even though the return earned by the investors is exported to them.

    That's because the inward direct investment only generates wealth when combined with other factors, principally labour. The resultant growth in wealth is shared between the providers of capital/enterprise - the investors - and the providers of labour - workers.

    The way to improve the share that accrues domestically, to the workers, is to ensure that they contribute more to the overall growth in wealth - i.e. to ensure that they are highly productive, e.g. by investing in education and training. And this, too, we have done very successfully.

    That's not to say that there aren't some forms of inward investment - particularly those that don't involve a lot of labour - in which the bulk of the wealth generated is exported. Aviation leasing would be one example. There are benefits for Irish workers who work in this sector, but that's not a large number of people. But of course there are secondary benefits in the form of demand for the services of companies that serve the aviation sector, and the accumulation of skills and experience that can then be deployed in other businesses — if we didn't have the aviation leasing sector, we'd probably never had had Ryanair, for example.

    As regards land, I agree that the Irish market is distorted, though it's not land as such that we over-value; it's housing. That's an easier problem to identify than to fix.



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  • Registered Users Posts: 3,359 ✭✭✭peter kern


    the issue is that low coperation tax countries such as switzerland, luxembourg and irealnd create their wealth on the back off other countries and have a negative impact on the power balance between nations and multinational companies.

    i wonder could we say that once gdp is not a good measurement of how rich a courntry is, that this indicates that a certain balance has been lost ?



  • Moderators, Science, Health & Environment Moderators Posts: 19,702 Mod ✭✭✭✭Sam Russell


    Well, the Corporation Tax is mainly paid by foreign owned companies on non-productive assets, such as IP. That is lucrative but risky for the economy. There is considerable pressure internationally to redress this - not to Ireland's benefit.

    The big hole in the Irish economy is in the provision of public transport infrastructure - bogged down by hopeless planning structures. The rail infrastructure for Dublin was planned in the early 1970s, and little of that plan has happened some 50 years later. The Phoenix Park Tunnel was unusable according to IR, until is suddenly it was. IR scrapped all the Mk 4 carriages and then found they had no IC rolling stock. And so on.

    Metrolink (formerly Metro North) should be ready for opening soon - only it has not even got planning. And so it goes on. Ready in 2037? Perhaps a redesign might be better.

    Wealthy countries do not allow this stuff to go on.



  • Registered Users Posts: 7,049 ✭✭✭timmyntc


    Cash rich and asset poor would describe the country well imo



  • Moderators, Sports Moderators Posts: 26,886 Mod ✭✭✭✭Podge_irl


    Wealthy countries do not allow this stuff to go on.

    The usual rejoinder to this is to simply look at Brandenburg Airport. One could add HS2.

    We are not great at infrastructure investment (though both the motorway network and the Luas were quite well deployed), but we are not a complete outlier either.

    One large issue with our tax base has been its volatility. While we are now running a good surplus we have obviously not been able to rely on this, or rely on cheap debt, to fund long term projects. We currently can and should take advantage of it while that is true which we are probably not doing as well as we should.



  • Registered Users Posts: 26,511 ✭✭✭✭Peregrinus


    That's a very good question. I think what it indicates is that a certain relationship has been lost. The relationship in question is the one between capital and income.

    Suppose I am blessed with a large portfolio of valuable property, good health, a good education, a capacity for diligent and intelligent work, an excellent social and business network, and the skills and aptitude to manage and motivate other people. You'd expect me, between rents, salary and the profits of my business to be earning a pretty good income, right?

    But suppose I have no assets, poor physical and mental health, little education, no connections and poor social and employment skills. Now, you'd expect me to struggle to keep myself.

    What you're looking at there is the relationship between capital (financial, material and social) and income. Capital generates income, so the more capital you have the more income you have.

    This relationship can break down in two ways. You could have substantial capital but a low income — e.g. you sell all your productive assets and buy a very big house in the country instead; you could work in a high-paying job but choose instead to devote yourself to a life of indolence, parties and substance abuse. In that case you have substantial wealth which you are choosing not to exploit to generate income. We could debate the ethics of your lifestyle choices but there's no doubt that, economically, they are suboptimal.

    Conversely, you might have little in the way of wealth but a large income. What this tells us is that you are exploiting the assets you do have in a highly efficient and effective manner to generate surplus returns. There may be ethical questions here too; you might be maximising your income by engaging in abusive or illegal businesses — drug dealing, intimidating your competitors, violating health and safety laws, whatever. Or, you may just be making very effective choices about how to deploy the social and economic assets that you do have.

    OK. A not-rich country that has a high GDP is similar to the second case. It is generating a larger income than you would expect from the accumulated wealth it has. This could be because it is, e.g, a haven for drug dealers and Russian oligarchs seeking to hide their money, but it ain't necessarily so. It could also be that you are undervaluing the assets it has. Ireland doesn't have the accumulated investment that countries that have been rich for generations, like the UK or the US, has. But it has high social capital that is hard to value in financial terms - an open, outward-looking population, an excellent international network (both, ironically, the result of poverty-driven emigration in past generations) and it has social capital that is the result of wise investment choices in the past - specifically, in education. This is partly the result of government policy but also partly the result of cultural preferences.

    It's also the result of our corporation tax policy which, yes, can be seen as predatory. I don't think its the case that this breakdown in the expected relationship between capital and income must be entirely the result of virtue, or entirely the result of vice. It's likely to be accounted for by a variety of factors, some more ethically questionable than others.

    Is it inherently a bad or troubling thing? Fundamentally, no. Doing better than expected, given the hand that fate has dealt you is, on balance, more good than bad.

    But it is an uncertain thing. Whatever combination of good fortune and wise choices had given you this unexpectedly high income is not guaranteed to continue indefinitely. Your continued prosperity is likely to be a bit more uncertain than that of a country that has a similar income, generated from a higher level of wealth. Ireland may have been smart to be as economically successful as it it; it will have to keep being smart for a while yet. It will take generations of high income before Ireland can expect to reach the level of accumulated investment and wealth that characterises countries that have been prosperous for generations.



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  • Registered Users Posts: 27,901 ✭✭✭✭blanch152


    Ireland's case is a little different. With a stroke of a couple of pens, aircraft leasing, IT and pharma intellectual property could all be moved abroad in a matter of weeks and Ireland's GDP would take a massive hit.



  • Registered Users Posts: 7,049 ✭✭✭timmyntc


    Aircraft leasing and IP, yes. Pharma and most of IT, not immediately.

    Huge amount of pharma factories in this country. Big investment, not easy to sell or move. Those arent going anywhere fast.

    IT is less stable, but at the higher end reliant on the best staff so they will be kept. The less experienced may well be let go, but all we would see is downsizing rather than companies leaving ireland.

    The big risk to irish GDP and irish tax revenues is corporate profits currently booked here but not earned here. Soon these loopholes will no longer exist.



  • Moderators, Sports Moderators Posts: 26,886 Mod ✭✭✭✭Podge_irl


    Pharma and IT both have absolutely massive footprints in Ireland. They are not a paper exercise.



  • Moderators, Science, Health & Environment Moderators Posts: 19,702 Mod ✭✭✭✭Sam Russell


    Quote ^^^ 'The big risk to Irish GDP and Irish tax revenues is corporate profits currently booked here but not earned here. Soon these loopholes will no longer exist.'

    Well, when one loophole closes, another appears.

    I am sure that any changes to booking IP earnings or value will be countered by other forms of profit shifting. Integrated circuits and pharma products cost very little to produce - it just requires a production facility costing billions and billions to build and that take significant numbers of skilled personnel and years to complete. Those factories are going nowhere anytime soon.

    So where is the profit generated?



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  • Registered Users Posts: 7,049 ✭✭✭timmyntc


    Integrated circuits cost a lot to produce, a massive amount, unless you are trying to account for all the input costs less silicon as being part of "factory costs" which is incorrect.



  • Moderators, Science, Health & Environment Moderators Posts: 19,702 Mod ✭✭✭✭Sam Russell


    Well a bit of licence there. Many integrated circuits are pennies, but the latest high tech CPU chips are huge and do cost a lot, but the capital cost of production facilities, plus the IP charges, are significant elements of their cost.



  • Registered Users Posts: 7,049 ✭✭✭timmyntc


    Small stuff on old technologies 20years+ old are cheap to manufacture, in the pennies per chip. Anything more recent in cars, planes, phones, consumer computers, servers etc are all expensive to make.



  • Registered Users Posts: 26,511 ✭✭✭✭Peregrinus


    You overstate the case but, yes, if you have abnormally high income relative to your wealth, that income is generally attended with a higher degree of risk.

    If you take the view, as some commentators like to, that Ireland's success in attracting and exploiting inward direct investment is entirely the result of our corporation tax setup, and that the inward direct investment consists entirely of locating intangibles like IP in Ireland, then a small change in the tax environment - a change which, quite possibly, we would not control - would bring the entire house of cards crashing down and our GDP would come down to the level of our GNI* level almost immediately.

    Two points about that:

    First, GN* is pretty satisfactory. If Ireland's GDP had been aligned with our GNI* all along, we'd still be regarded as a very successful country.

    Secondly, the analysis that the whole thing is the product of low CT rates and the location of IP in Ireland is absurdly oversimplified. As others have pointed out, IT and pharma have large footprints in Ireland; these are real-world economic activities, producing real goods and services, creating real jobs. And while CT rates play their part, they are by no means the only factor that attracts investment to Ireland, nor the only factor that would keep it here.

    So, while our surplus income is attended with risk and could change, the notion that its a chimera that could disappear overnight is not very plausible. The reality is more complex than that.



  • Registered Users Posts: 27,901 ✭✭✭✭blanch152


    I said it would take a massive hit, you agree.



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  • Registered Users Posts: 26,511 ✭✭✭✭Peregrinus


    Depends on what we mean by "massive". Two points:

    First, current CT rate in Ireland is 12.5%. The emerging "global minimum" is 15%. If we had to move from 12.5% to 15% in order to preserve our network of tax treaties, I don't think that would be catastrophic — especially as there wouldn't be any competing jurisdictions offering a lower rate, with a comparable network of tax treaties.

    Secondly, if you're of the view that our GDP, to the extent that it exceeds our GNI* is unreal, fictional, doesn't correspond to any real income for Irish people, etc, then it follows that losing that element of GDP won't involve any real loss of wealth or income. To the extent that our GDP figure is unreal, then it can indeed take a massive hit without any real ill effects.



  • Registered Users Posts: 735 ✭✭✭techman1


    And the design of those high tech factories, how they get built etc, the tools that go in them are all imported from the US. There is precious little intellectual capital actually generated in Ireland . We need to be realistic about what we really do in tech. The people in the media and state sector are the most ignorant of all about our real capabilities. Where are the Irish tech products?



  • Registered Users Posts: 3,330 ✭✭✭Francis McM


    The houses are mortgaged and the cards are equally on some sort of finance. Our government national debt per capita is one of the highest in the world.

    The house of cards will fall yet.



  • Moderators, Sports Moderators Posts: 26,886 Mod ✭✭✭✭Podge_irl


    National debt per capita is an incredibly meaningless figure.



  • Registered Users Posts: 5,699 ✭✭✭Charles Babbage


    half of houses are owned outright and likewise with cars.



  • Registered Users Posts: 3,330 ✭✭✭Francis McM


    Until our taxes have to service the interest on it : interest which is rapidly increasing. Countries which are highly indebted also cannot borrow as much in the future as they otherwise might.



  • Moderators, Sports Moderators Posts: 26,886 Mod ✭✭✭✭Podge_irl


    We have absolutely no problem borrowing money. Argentina's debt per capita is significantly below ours but they have a far harder time borrowing money.

    Also interest on government bonds isn't rapidly increasing. Our old debts are actually getting cheaper. Our new borrowing is getting a bit more expensive, but it is still below inflation.



  • Registered Users Posts: 3,330 ✭✭✭Francis McM


    Things can change rapidly. I remember well those celtic tiger days when people like yourself said borrow borrrow borrow, it is no problem etc.

    Yet only a few short years later we could boorow no more on the international markets and the IMF, UK and EU bailed us out.



  • Moderators, Sports Moderators Posts: 26,886 Mod ✭✭✭✭Podge_irl


    I recall. The issue was not our debt per capita.

    The issue was our terribly narrow tax base and obviously the bank guarantee and the important factor was debt per GDP or GNI (or GNI* if you so wish) and how vulnerable that GDP/GNI is.

    We're not borrowing now anyway, as we are running a surplus. And we are using it to increase our GDP/GNI to the point where our debt per GNI has been slashed.

    Our debt per capita is high because we are a small population country with a large economy. I'm not saying everything is rosy, just that debt per capita is an utterly meaningless figure to determine our situation.



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  • Registered Users Posts: 3,330 ✭✭✭Francis McM


    Yes the issue was debt, the national debt, as the country could borrow no more. Call it debt per capita if you want to put it in proportion to the population of the country. And our tax base now is "terribly narrow", extremely vulnerable: if half a dozen MNCs decide for whatever reason not to launder their profits through Ireland, we are in deep trouble.



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